An effective insulin infusion protocol for severe traumatic brain injury patients: A retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients often experience stress hyperglycaemia, which can lead to negative outcomes. This study aims to introduce an effective insulin infusion protocol specifically designed for sTBI patients. METHODS: Data was collected from all sTBI patients during two periods: 1 October 2019 to 30 April 2020, and 1 June 2020 to 31 December 2020. In May 2020, a new insulin infusion protocol was implemented. Blood glucose management, infection, coagulation, and prognosis were compared in these two periods. RESULT: 195 patients were included, with 106 using the new protocol. The proportion of hyperglycaemia decreased from 40.04% to 26.91% (P<0.05), and the proportion of on-target blood glucose levels increased from 35.69% to 38.98% (P<0.05). Average blood glucose levels decreased from 9.98±2.79mmol/L to 8.96±2.82mmol/L (P<0.05). There was no substantial increase in hypoglycaemia, which remained controlled below 1%. The new protocol positively influenced glucose concentration and dispersion trends. There were no significant differences in catheter-related infections, antibiotic use, mechanical ventilation (MV) duration, length of stay in ICU, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), or mortality. However, the conventional protocol group had a higher coagulation tendency (R-value of thromboelastography 4.80±1.35min vs. 5.52±1.87min, P<0.05), with no difference in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) incidence. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a customized insulin infusion process for sTBI patients can effectively manage blood glucose. While there is no significant improvement in infection control or prognosis, it may have a positive impact on coagulation without affecting the occurrence of DVT.

Serial album on Continuous Insulin Infusion System as an innovative educational technology in diabetes / Álbum en serie sobre el Sistema de Infusión Continua de Insulina como tecnología educativa innovadora en diabetes / Álbum seriado sobre Sistema de Infusão Contínua de Insulina como tecnologia educativa inovadora no diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective: to build and validate a serial album content and appearance on insulin therapy using a Continuous Infusion System. Method: a methodological study, carried out in three stages in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, from August to November 2018. The serial album construction and content and appearance validity were carried out by experts, and assessment, by the target audience. Content Validity Index and Concordance Index were calculated. Results: the judges considered the serial album content and appearance to be valid, which means that the material is suitable as an educational technology. Experts suggested adjustments, incorporated into the material for print production of the final version. The target audience also assessed the serial album positively. Conclusion: we realized that the serial album was considered an innovative educational technology in diabetes, valuable for promoting knowledge about Continuous Insulin Infusion System, with rich, updated content, combined with clarity, suitable format and explanatory illustrations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir y validar el contenido y la apariencia de un álbum en serie sobre terapia con insulina utilizando un Sistema de Infusión Continua. Método: estudio metodológico, realizado en tres etapas en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, de agosto a noviembre de 2018. La construcción del álbum en serie y la validación de contenido y apariencia fueron realizadas por los especialistas, y evaluación del público objetivo. Se calcularon el Índice de Validez de Contenido y el Índice de Concordancia. Resultados: los jueces consideraron válido el contenido y la apariencia del álbum, lo que significa que el material es apto como tecnología educativa. Los expertos sugirieron ajustes, incorporados al material para la producción impresa de la versión final. El público objetivo también evaluó positivamente el álbum en serie. Conclusión: percibimos que el álbum en serie fue considerado una tecnología educativa innovadora en diabetes, valiosa para la promoción del conocimiento sobre el Sistema de Infusión Continua de Insulina, con contenido rico y actualizado, combinado con claridad, formato adecuado e ilustraciones explicativas.

RESUMO Objetivo: construir e validar conteúdo e aparência de álbum seriado sobre insulinoterapia por Sistema de Infusão Contínua. Método: estudo metodológico, realizado em três etapas em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, nos meses de agosto a novembro de 2018. Realizou-se a construção do álbum seriado e a validação de conteúdo e aparência pelos especialistas, e avaliação do público-alvo. Calcularam-se Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e Índice de Concordância. Resultados: os juízes consideraram válidos o conteúdo e a aparência do álbum, o que representa que o material é adequado como tecnologia educativa. Os especialistas sugeriram ajustes, incorporados ao material para produção impressa da versão final. O público-alvo também avaliou de forma positiva o álbum seriado. Conclusão: percebemos que o álbum seriado foi considerado uma tecnologia educacional inovadora em diabetes, valiosa para a promoção do conhecimento sobre Sistema de Infusão Contínua de Insulina, com conteúdo rico, atualizado, aliado à clareza, formato adequado e ilustrações explicativas.

Desarrollo y Simulación de un Algoritmo de Control Automatizado para Insulinoterapia de Urgencias Hiperglucémicas en Diabetes / Development and Simulation of an Automated Control Algorithm for Insulin Therapy of Hyperglycemic Emergencies in Diabetes

Resumen El presente trabajo describe el desarrollo y simulación de un algoritmo para el control automático de la infusión de insulina en el manejo glucémico de pacientes con cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) y estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico (EHH). Se programó un algoritmo que calcula la insulina necesaria para lograr un descenso glucémico de 50 mg/dL/h hasta llegar a glucemias de 250 mg/dL, para posteriormente mantenerlas en 220 mg/dL hasta la remisión de la patología. La simulación del software se realizó haciendo uso de registros glucémicos de 10 pacientes con CAD manejados en el Hospital Juárez de México. Los resultados de la simulación mostraron una incidencia 6 veces menor de hipoglucemias, así como un 33.7% menos de insulina necesaria dentro del tratamiento, sin diferencias entre los descensos medios de glucosa por hora de las mediciones reales y simuladas. Este software propone un uso innovador de los llamados páncreas artificiales al aplicarlos en urgencias hiperglucémicas, implementando además el uso de la sensibilidad a la insulina como variable para el funcionamiento de los mismos. Los resultados demuestran que el algoritmo podría ser capaz de lograr un manejo glucémico apegado a las guías de tratamiento, generando un menor gasto de insulina y evitando hipoglucemias durante la terapéutica, con una posible aplicación en dispositivos biomédicos autónomos.

Abstract This paper describes the development and simulation of an algorithm for the automatic control of insulin infusion, in the glycemic management of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (CAD) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (EHH). An algorithm was programmed to calculate the requirement insulin for a glycemic decrease of 50 mg/dL/h until reach 250 mg/dL in blood glucose levels, and thus maintaining it at 220 mg/dL until the pathology remission. The software simulation was performed using glycemic records of 10 patients with CAD managed in the Hospital Juárez de México. The results of the simulation showed a lower incidence of hypoglycemia, as well as a lower insulin requirement within the treatment, without differences in the average glucose decreases per hour between real and simulated measurements. This software proposes an innovative use of the artificial pancreas in hyperglycemic emergencies, and also implementing the use of insulin sensitivity as a variable for their function. The results show that the algorithm could be able to achieve glycemic management attached to the treatment guidelines, generating lower insulin expenditure and avoiding hypoglycemia during therapy, with a possible application in autonomous biomedical devices.

Survey on hypoglycemia among insulin-treated patients with diabetes: The Colombian International Operations Hypoglycemia Assessment Tool population / Encuesta sobre hipoglucemia en pacientes con diabetes tratados con insulina: la población colombiana del International Operations Hypoglycemia Assessment Tool

Abstract Introduction: The non-interventional International Operations Hypoglycemia Assessment Tool (IO-HAT) study assessed the incidence of hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-treated diabetes across nine countries, including a cohort of patients in Colombia. Materials and methods: Hypoglycemia incidence among patients with insulin-treated diabetes was assessed across 26 sites in Colombia. Hypoglycaemic events (any, nocturnal or severe) were reported in self-assessment questionnaires (SAQ) and patient diaries based on capillary blood glucose measurement or symptoms. Retrospective events (severe events 6 months before baseline and any event 4 weeks before baseline) were recorded in SAQ, Part 1, and prospective events (4 weeks from baseline) were recorded in SAQ, Part 2, and patient diaries. Differences in hypoglycemia incidence reported in the retrospective and prospective periods were assessed using two-sided tests. Results: Of the 664 patients assessed, 213 had type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 451 had type 2 diabetes (T2D). Nearly all patients experienced at least one hypoglycaemic event in the prospective period (97.1% T1D; 93.3% T2D). Rates of hypoglycemia (events per person- year, PPY) were higher prospectively than retrospectively for any hypoglycemia (T1 D: 121.6 vs. 83.2, p<0.001; T2D: 28.1 vs. 24.6, p=0.127) and severe hypoglycemia (T 1D: 15.3 vs. 9.2, p=0.605; T 2 D: 9.5 vs. 3.5 p=0.040). Conclusion: These results, the first from a patient-reported dataset on hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients with diabetes in Colombia, show that patients reported higher rates of any hypoglycemia during the prospective period.

Resumen Introducción. En el estudio no intervencionista International Operations Hypoglycemia Assessment Tool (IO-HAT), se evalúo la incidencia de hipoglucemia en pacientes diabéticos tratados con insulina en nueve países, incluido Colombia. Materiales y métodos. La incidencia de hipoglucemia entre pacientes diabéticos tratados con insulina se evaluó en 26 centros médicos en Colombia. Los episodios de hipoglucemia determinados con base en la medición de la glucemia capilar o en los síntomas se reportaron en el cuestionario de autoevaluación (Self-Assessment Questionnaire, SAQ) y en el diario del paciente. Los episodios retrospectivos (episodios graves y cualquiera ocurrido 6 meses y 4 semanas antes del inicio del estudio, respectivamente) se registraron en el SAQ, parte 1, y los eventos prospectivos (4 semanas desde el inicio), en el SAQ, parte 2, y en el diario del paciente. Las diferencias en la incidencia de la hipoglucemia entre los períodos retrospectivo y prospectivo se evaluaron mediante una prueba de dos colas. Resultados. De los 664 pacientes evaluados, 213 tenían diabetes de tipo 1 y 451 tenían diabetes de tipo 2. Casi todos los pacientes experimentaron al menos un episodio de hipoglucemia en el período prospectivo (97,1 %, diabetes de tipo 1, y 93,3 %, diabetes de tipo 2). Los índices de hipoglucemia (episodios año-persona) fueron mayores prospectivamente que retrospectivamente para cualquier tipo de hipoglucemia (diabetes de tipo 1: 121,6 Vs. 83,2; p<0,001; la diabetes de tipo 2: 28,1 Vs. 24,6; p=0,127) y para la hipoglucemia grave (diabetes de tipo 1: 15,3 Vs. 9,2; p=0,605; diabetes de tipo 2: 9,5 Vs. 3,5; p=0,040). Conclusión. Estos resultados, que constituyen el primer conjunto de datos sobre hipoglucemia informados por pacientes diabéticos colombianos tratados con insulina, evidenciaron tasas más altas para ambos tipos de hipoglucemia durante el período prospectivo.

Indicators for best practices in glycemic control in the intensive care unit / Indicativos para mejores prácticas en el control glicémico en una unidad de terapia intensiva / Indicativos para melhores práticas no controle glicêmico em unidade de terapia intensiva

Abstract Objective: To understand the perception of the nursing team' regarding the management of the intensive glycemic control protocol in order to obtain better practices in glycemic control in the Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital. Method: A qualitative, convergent care study carried out in an Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital. The data were collected through interviews and workshops and analyzed through thematic analysis. Thirty nursing professionals participated in the study. Results: The importance of the glycemic control protocol which standardizes and guides care was reported by the participants, however they indicated that the used protocol is confusing, difficult to understand and does not include some important guidelines. Restructuring was recommended by adding aspects such as: the desired glycemic value, spaces between glycaemia recording, diet and others; as well as training for its application. Conclusion: The participants recognized the weaknesses of the protocol, and reaffirmed the potentialities of this instrument and defended permanent education as a fundamental factor for the best practices in intensive care.

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la percepción del equipo de enfermería sobre el manejo del protocolo de control glicémico intensivo, con el objetivo de obtener mejores prácticas en el control glicémico en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de un Hospital Universitario. Método: Estudio cualitativo y convergente asistencial realizado en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de un hospital universitario. Los datos fueron obtenidos através de entrevistas y talleres y analizados através del análisis temático. Participaron del estudio 30 profesionales de enfermería. Resultados: Relatan la importancia del protocolo de control glicémico que estandariza y guía la asistencia. Sin embargo, refieren que el protocolo utilizado es confuso, difícil de entender y no contempla algunas orientaciones importantes. Recomiendan su reestructuración agregando aspectos como: valor de glicemía pretendido, espaciamiento entre glicemías, dieta y otros, y la capacitación para su ejecución. Conclusión: Reconocen las fragilidades del protocolo utilizado, reafirman las potencialidades de este instrumento y defienden la educación permanente como factor fundamental para mejores prácticas en terapia intensiva.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção da equipe de enfermagem quanto ao manejo do protocolo de controle glicêmico intensivo, com vistas a obter melhores práticas no controle glicêmico na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital Universitário. Método: Estudo qualitativo, convergente assistencial, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas e oficinas e analisados por meio da análise temática. Participaram do estudo 30 profissionais de enfermagem. Resultados: Relatam a importância do protocolo de controle glicêmico, que padroniza e guia a assistência, entretanto referem que o protocolo utilizado é confuso, difícil de entender não contemplando algumas orientações importantes. Recomendam sua reestruturação acrescentando aspectos como: valor de glicemia pretendido, espaçamento entre glicemias, dieta e outros; bem como capacitação para sua execução. Conclusão: Reconhecem as fragilidades do protocolo utilizado, reafirmam as potencialidades desse instrumento e defendem a educação permanente como fator fundamental para as melhores práticas em terapia intensiva.

Bombas de insulina en diabetes tipo 2, del fundamento a la práctica / Pumps in Type 2 diabetes, from basics to practice

Resumen Las bombas de insulina han sido usadas por más de 35 años, principalmente en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y en menor medida en diabetes tipo 2. En esta última población hay una liberación más funcional de insulina, se puede prevenir el fenómeno de alba y mantener por más tiempo los niveles adecuados de glucemia. Las indicaciones de bomba en diabetes tipo 2 son poco claras, pero los que tal vez más se benefician son aquellos con historia de mal control metabólico, hipoglucemias severas o asintomáticas. El uso de esta tecnología durante la hospitalización ha sido difícil, principalmente por el desconocimiento del personal de salud en su uso; no obstante, se ha demostrado que es factible mantener a los pacientes en esta terapia mientras están hospitalizados, siempre y cuando se tenga un adecuado protocolo, disposición del personal y educación del paciente. El costo ha sido una de las cuestiones más controversiales con el uso de estos sistemas. Los análisis de costo-efectividad han encontrado una disminución del número de hipoglucemiantes orales, las visitas a urgencias y las dosis de insulina, llegando algunos a aseverar que en tres años podrían compensarse los costos.

Abstract Insulin pumps have been used for over 35 years, mostly in patients with type 1 diabetes and to a lesser extent in type 2 diabetes. The use of pumps in this population is supported by a more physiological release of insulin, prevention of the dawn phenomenon and enabling patients to achieve better glucose targets. Pump indications in type 2 diabetes are less clear than in patients with type 1, but perhaps those who benefit most, are patients with a history of significant glycemic excursions, severe or asymptomatic hypoglycemia. Pump management as inpatient has been limited by lack of personal knowledge, however it has been reported that it is feasible to keep patients who are using this technology to continue it while they are in the hospital provided that a suitable protocol has been standardized and the patient has enough knowledge. Costs have been one of the most controversial issues with the use of these technology, cost-effectiveness analysis have found that there is a decrease in the number of oral agents, emergency room visits and insulin doses, reaching some studies to conclude that three years could offset the pump cost.

Clinical and economic benefits of integrated pump/CGM technology therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes in Colombia. / Beneficios clínicos y económicos de la terapia con bomba de insulina integrada a sistema de monitoreo continuo de glucosa en los pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term clinical and economic impact of integrated pump/CGM technology therapy as compared to multiple daily injections (MDI), for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Colombia. METHODS: The CORE Diabetes Model was used to simulate a hypothetical cohort of patients with T1D. Mean baseline characteristics were taken from a clinical study conducted in Colombia and a healthcare payer perspective was adopted, with a 5% annual discount rate applied to both costs and outcomes. RESULTS: The integrated pump/CGM improved mean life expectancy by 3.51 years compared with MDI. A similar increase occurred in mean quality-adjusted life expectancy with an additional 3.81 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Onset of diabetes-related complications was also delayed as compared to MDI, and mean survival time free of complication increased by 1.74 years with integrated pump/CGM. Although this increased treatment costs of diabetes as compared to MDI, savings were achieved thanks to reduced expenditure on diabetes-related complications. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for SAP was Colombian Pesos (COP) 44,893,950 (approximately USD$23,200) per QALY gained. CONCLUSIONS: Improved blood glucose control associated to integrated pump/CGM results in a decreased incidence of diabetes-related complications and improves life expectancy as compared to MDI. Using recommended thresholds from the World Health Organization and previous coverage decisions about health technologies in Colombia, it is a cost-effective alternative to MDI for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in Colombia.

Desenlaces maternos, fetales y perinatales de las gestantes con diabetes en manejo con bomba de insulina en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio / Maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with diabetes on insulin pump management at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio

Antecedentes: La diabetes en el embarazo se asocia a un incremento considerable en la morbimortalidad materna, fetal y perinatal. Objetivo: Determinar los desenlaces maternos, fetales y perinatales de las gestantes con diagnóstico de diabetes pre gestacional en manejo con bomba de insulina en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Método: Estudio de corte transversal en 24 gestantes con diagnóstico de diabetes en manejo con bomba de insulina quienes asistieron a control por Endocrinología y Alto Riesgo Obstétrico en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, entre Septiembre de 2009 y Diciembre de 2015. Resultados: La complicación materna más frecuente fue la hipoglicemia sintomática (50%), en segundo lugar los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo (45,8%). Las complicaciones neonatales más frecuentes fueron el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del recién nacido (37,5%) y la hiperbilirrubinemia (37,5%). La hemoglobina glicosilada mayor del 6% se relacionó con el 71% de pacientes con macrosomía fetal. Conclusiones: La bomba de infusión de insulina representa una estrategia relativamente nueva dentro de los protocolos de manejo de diabetes pre gestacional y embarazo. Representaría una opción de manejo segura y fácil para el control de la glicemia en pacientes con indicaciones precisas.

Background: Diabetes in pregnancy is associated to a considerable increase in the maternal, fetal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: Determine the maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes of patients with pre gestational diabetes being treated with insulin pump at Hospital San Ignacio. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 24 patients diagnosed with diabetes being treated with insulin pump who assisted to controls made by Endocrinology and Obstetrical High-Risk units at Hospital San Ignacio from September 2009 to December 2015. Results: The most common maternal complication was symptomatic hypoglycemia (50%) followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (45.8%). Most common neonatal complications were respiratory distress syndrome (37.5%) and hyperbilirubinemia (37.5%). Glycosylated hemoglobin higher than 6% was related with 71% of patients who developed fetal macrosomia. Conclusions: The insulin infusion pump is a relatively new strategy management of pre gestational diabetes and pregnancy. Representing a safe and easy option for glycemic control in patients with precise indications.

Propostas de barreiras para o uso seguro da insulina intravenosa: contribuições da prática da enfermagem / Proposals for barriers for the safe use of intravenous solutions: contributions from the practice of nursing

O objeto deste estudo são as características clínicas para hipoglicemia grave em pacientes críticos no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca submetidos a controle glicêmico intensivo. Tem como objetivo geral elaborar uma barreira para prevenir a hipoglicemia grave no paciente crítico que usa infusão contínua de insulina, centrada na identificação das características clínicas para este evento pelo enfermeiro. Esta pesquisa procura contribuir com a farmacovigilância da insulina e com a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com análise em prontuário, desenvolvido em unidade cardiointensiva cirúrgica de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Foram investigados 550 prontuários de 2012 a 2013, encontrando-se uma população de 168 pacientes que fizeram uso de insulina intravenosa em infusão contínua. As variáveis do estudo foram submetidas a tratamentos estatísticos não paramétricos e a medidas de associação. Os resultados mostram que a incidência de hipoglicemia geral foi de 8,97%, sendo a taxa de incidência de hipoglicemia grave de 2,85%. Dos 22 pacientes com hipoglicemia grave, observou-se que a maioria era homens (13,79%) com a mediana de idade de 57 anos, sobrepeso (10,34%), hipertensos (17,24%), diabéticos (10,34%) e isquêmicos (11,20%). Ao avaliar a média de escores de gravidade verificou-se o APACHE II de 16,36 (4,28), SOFA 6,18 (2,17) e a probabilidade média de óbito segundo o escore APACHE II de 10,90 (6,13). Apresentaram como fatores predisponentes para hipoglicemia grave estar em uso de aminas (p valor = 0.000000598), ter insuficiência renal (p valor = 0.005744), ter diabetes (p valor = 0,02588) e apresentar hematócrito inferior a 30% (p valor = 0.00009559). A média de utilização da insulina intravenosa foi de 13,03 (6,98) horas e tiveram uma mediana de 11 medidas glicêmicas. Três pacientes receberam insulina conforme o previsto pelo protocolo, 13 pacientes receberam insulina a mais e oito pacientes receberam insulina a menos. A média a de glicose ofertada foi de 1,16 (0,13) gramas/kg. A variação hipoglicêmica nos pacientes que fizeram insulina a mais foi de 13 mg/dl ­ 59 mg/dl. Entre os pacientes que utilizaram insulina a menos, verificamos uma variação de 34mg/dl ­ 58 mg/dl. Já os pacientes que se beneficiaram de insulina de acordo com o protocolo, apresentaram uma variação de 44 mg/dl ­ 56 mg/dl. Portanto, para garantir o uso seguro na infusão de insulina, descrevem-se alguns cuidados específicos de enfermagem baseados nos fatores predisponentes e na indicação clínica de cada paciente. Acredita-se que o problema principal envolvido seja a necessidade da enfermagem moderna evoluir na construção e/ou renovação das formas de executar suas técnicas de trabalho em consonância com o desenvolvimento dos novos tratamentos prestados. Com isso contribuir para a qualidade da assistência à saúde, obtendo melhores resultados e evitando desfechos desfavoráveis para os pacientes.

This study aims at the clinical characteristics for severe hypoglycemia in critical patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery submitted to intensive glucose control. It aims to set up a general barrier to prevent severe hypoglycemia in the critical patient using continuous insulin infusion, centered in identifying the clinical characteristics for this event by the nurse. This research seeks to contribute to insulin pharmacovigilance and to nursing care quality. It is a retrospective cohort study, with medical record analysis, developed in a surgical cardio intensive unit in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. 550 medical records were investigated from 2012 to 2013, finding a population of 168 patients who used intravenous continuous insulin infusion. Study variables were subjected to nonparametric statistical treatments and association measures. The results show that the hypoglycemia incidence rate was 8.97%, being the incidence rate of severe hypoglycemia 2.85%. Of 22 patients with severe hypoglycemia, it was noted that the majority were men (13.79%) with median age of 57 years, overweight (10.34%), hypertension (17.24%), diabetes (10.34%) and ischemic (11.20%). When evaluating the mean severity scores we found APACHE II 16.36 (4.28), SOFA 6.18 (2.17) and the mean probability of death according to the APACHE II score 10.90 (6.13). The following were found as predisposing factors for severe hypoglycemia, such as using amines (p value = 0.000000598), kidney failure (p value = 0.005744), diabetes mellitus (p value = 0.02588) and having hematocrit below 30% (p value = 0.00009559). The mean use of intravenous insulin was 13.03 (6.98) hours and had a median of 11 glucose measures. Three patients received insulin as provide by the protocol, 13 patients received more insulin, and eight patients received less insulin. The mean of offered glucose was 1.16 (0.13) g/kg. The hypoglycemic variation in patients who received more insulin was 13 mg/dl - 59 mg/dl. Among the patients who used less insulin, we see a variation of 34mg/dl - 58 mg/dl. However, the patients, who benefited from insulin according to the protocol, have a variation of 44 mg/dl ­ 56 mg/dl. Therefore, in order to ensure the safe use on insulin infusion, we describe some specific nursing cares based on predisposing factors and on the clinical indication of each patient. It is believed that the main problem involved is the need for modern nursing to evolve in the construction and/or renovation of ways to perform their work techniques in line with the development of the new treatments provided. With this in mind, contribute to the quality of health care, obtaining better results and avoiding adverse outcomes for the patients.

El objetivo de este estudio es indicar cuáles son las características clínicas para hipoglucemia grave en pacientes críticos, en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, sometidos a control glucémico intensivo. El estudio tiene como propósito general elaborar una barrera para prevenir la hipoglucemia grave en pacientes críticos que utilizan insulina intravenosa en infusión continua, y está enfocado para que el enfermero identifique las características clínicas en estos casos. Esta investigación busca contribuir con la farmacovigilancia de la insulina y con la calidad de la atención de la enfermería. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, con análisis en la historia clínica, desarrollado en una unidad intensiva de cardiocirugía de un hospital público de Rio de Janeiro. Se investigaron 550 historias clínicas, de 2012 a 2013, donde se encontró 168 pacientes que utilizaron insulina intravenosa en infusión continua. Se sometieron las variables del estudio a tratamientos estadísticos no paramétricos y a medidas de asociación. Los resultados demuestran que la incidencia de hipoglucemia general fue de 8,97%, siendo la tasa de incidencia de hipoglucemia grave de 2,85%. De los 22 pacientes con hipoglucemia severa, se observó que la mayoría era hombres (13,79%) con un promedio de edad de 57 años, sobrepeso (10,34%), hipertensos (17,24%), diabéticos (10,34%) e isquémicos (11,20%). Al evaluar el promedio de los valores de gravedad, se comprobó APACHE II de 16,36 (4,28), SOFA de 6,18 (2,17) y la media de probabilidad de óbito, según el promedio APACHE II de 10,90 (6,13). Se presenta como factores predisponentes para la hipoglucemia severa el uso de aminas (valor p = 0.000000598), tener insuficiencia renal (valor p = 0.005744), tener diabetes (valor p = 0,02588) y presentar hematocrito inferior a 30% (valor p = 0.00009559). La media del uso de la insulina intravenosa fue de 13,03 (6,98) horas y realizaron cerca de 11 mediciones glucémicas. Tres pacientes recibieron insulina, según lo previsto por el protocolo; 13 pacientes recibieron más insulina y 8 pacientes recibieron menos insulina. La media de glucosa suministrada fue de 1,16 (0,13) gramos/kg. La variante hipoglucémica en pacientes que recibieron más insulina fue de 13 mg/dl ­ 59 mg/dl. Entre los pacientes que utilizaron menos insulina, se comprobó una variación de 34mg/dl ­ 58 mg/dl. En cambio, en pacientes que se beneficiaron de la insulina, según el protocolo, presentaron una variante de 44 mg/dl ­ 56 mg/dl. Por lo tanto, para garantizar el uso seguro de la infusión de insulina, se describen algunos cuidados específicos de enfermería, basados en factores predisponentes y en la indicación clínica para cada paciente. Se considera que la solución al problema principal implicado sea una enfermería moderna, que evolucione hacia la construcción y/o innovación de las formas de ejecutar técnicas de trabajo, en consonancia con el desarrollo de los nuevos tratamientos ofrecidos. Así, se podrá contribuir a la calidad de la asistencia a la salud, obteniendo mejores resultados y evitando resultados desfavorables a los pacientes.

Epidemiological characterization of diabetic patients on therapy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous glucose monitoring in real time.

OBJECTIVE: To describe baseline characteristics of diabetic patients who were started on insulin pump and real time continuous glucose monitor (CSII-rtCGM) in a specialized center in Medellin, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with diabetes with complete data who were started on CSII-rtCGM between February 2010 and May 2014 were included. This is a descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: 141 of 174 patients attending the clinic were included. 90,1% had type 1diabetes (T1D). The average age of T1D patients at the beginning of therapy was 31,4 years (SD 14,1). 75.8% of patients had normal weight (BMI<25), 21.0% were overweight (BMI 25-30) and 2,3% were obese (BMI>30). The median duration of T1D was 13 years (P25-P75=10.7-22.0). 14,2% of the patients were admitted at least once in the year preceding the start of CSII-rtCGM because of diabetes related complications. Mean A1c was 8.6%±1.46%. The main reasons for starting CSII-rtCGM were: poor glycemic control (50.2%); frequent hypoglycemia, nocturnal hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia related to exercise, asymptomatic hypoglycemia (30.2%); severe hypoglycemia (16.44%) and dawn phenomena (3.1%). CONCLUSION: Baseline characteristics of patients included in this study who were started on CSII-rtCGM are similar to those reported in the literature. The Clinic starts CSII-rtCGM mainly in T1D patients with poor glycemic control, frequent or severe hypoglycemia despite being on basal/bolus therapy.